6r140 valve body seals are crucial components in many machinery systems. Understanding their intricacies is key to maintaining optimal performance and preventing costly downtime. This guide delves into the world of 6R140 valve body seals, exploring their function, common issues, and effective solutions.
From identifying potential problems to selecting the right replacement parts, this comprehensive resource will equip you with the knowledge to handle 6R140 valve body seals with confidence. We’ll cover everything from basic inspection to advanced troubleshooting, offering practical advice and clear explanations along the way.
Introduction to 6R140 Valve Body Seals
The 6R140 valve body, a crucial component in many automatic transmissions, is a complex assembly of interconnected passages and control valves. Its smooth and reliable operation is paramount to the vehicle’s performance and longevity. Understanding the intricacies of this valve body, particularly the seals, is key to maintenance and repair.The 6R140 valve body relies on a network of seals to maintain the integrity of its hydraulic system.
These seals prevent leakage, maintain pressure, and allow the proper functioning of the shifting mechanisms. Without properly functioning seals, the valve body will fail to regulate fluid pressure, leading to transmission problems, including slipping, rough shifting, and eventual failure. Maintaining these seals is a critical part of preventative maintenance.
Valve Body Design and Seal Function
The 6R140 valve body is designed with various passages and chambers, each with its specific hydraulic function. These passages are precisely routed to facilitate the smooth flow of transmission fluid. Seals are positioned strategically throughout the valve body to contain this fluid and prevent leaks, ensuring proper pressure within each chamber. This precise pressure control is essential for accurate shifting and smooth transmission operation.
Common Seal Types in 6R140 Valve Bodies
Several types of seals are commonly used in 6R140 valve bodies. These include:
- O-rings: Used in various applications, O-rings are a widely utilized seal type for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. They provide a reliable seal, particularly in static applications, and are easily replaceable. Proper installation and material selection are crucial for long-term performance.
- Viton Seals: Known for their exceptional chemical resistance, Viton seals are crucial in environments with potentially harsh fluids. Their durability makes them suitable for applications requiring high performance and longevity, like in high-pressure areas of the 6R140.
- Rubber Seals: A traditional choice, rubber seals are relatively inexpensive and offer good sealing properties in many applications. However, their resistance to various chemicals and fluids can vary, potentially leading to quicker deterioration in certain conditions.
- Metal Seals: For applications requiring extreme pressure or high temperatures, metal seals are often employed. Their strength and resilience are advantageous, but the cost can be higher compared to other types.
Common Failure Modes of 6R140 Valve Body Seals
Seal failures in the 6R140 valve body can manifest in several ways. These include:
- Fluid leaks: A visible leak is a common sign of seal failure. These leaks can be small or substantial, depending on the extent of the damage. Addressing leaks promptly is vital to prevent further damage to the transmission.
- Rough shifting: Issues with fluid pressure regulation due to leaks can lead to rough or erratic shifting. This is often an indication of a failing seal affecting pressure within specific chambers of the valve body.
- Transmission slipping: Significant fluid loss due to extensive seal failure can lead to a loss of hydraulic pressure, causing the transmission to slip during operation. This is a serious symptom and warrants immediate attention.
- Reduced performance: Progressively worsening seal failures may not immediately result in large leaks or noticeable shifting issues. However, reduced performance and gradual deterioration in transmission functionality are also signs of problematic seals.
Seal Material Comparison
A comparison of seal materials is shown below.
| Seal Material | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Elastomers (e.g., Viton) | Excellent chemical resistance, high temperature resistance | Can be more expensive than other materials, susceptible to wear and tear |
| Rubber | Relatively inexpensive, readily available | Limited chemical resistance, lower temperature tolerance |
| Metal | High strength, high temperature tolerance | Higher cost, potentially less flexible |
Identifying Seal Issues
Unveiling the secrets of a failing 6R140 valve body often hinges on recognizing subtle symptoms and performing meticulous inspections. Understanding the telltale signs of compromised seals is crucial for swift diagnosis and effective repair, saving you time and money in the long run. A proactive approach to seal health is paramount in maintaining optimal transmission performance.
Common Symptoms of Failing Seals
Failing seals in a 6R140 valve body manifest in several telltale ways. Leaking fluid, a telltale sign, can range from minor drips to substantial puddles. Unusual noises, such as hissing or whining sounds, often accompany the leakage, providing further clues. A noticeable decline in transmission performance, manifested as sluggish shifting or rough operation, is another significant indicator.
And finally, an unusual change in the transmission fluid level, either an increase or a decrease, may signal a leak or a problem with the sealing mechanisms.
Visual Inspection Procedures
Thorough visual inspection of the 6R140 valve body is essential. Begin by carefully examining the valve body for any visible signs of leakage, such as fluid stains or puddles. Pay close attention to areas where seals are located, such as the input and output ports. Look for any swelling or bulging of the seals themselves, which might suggest a potential failure point.
Using a flashlight, check for any signs of cracks or damage to the seals. This meticulous inspection is a key step in pinpointing the source of the problem.
Methods to Detect Leaks and Pressure Drops
Detecting leaks and pressure drops requires a combination of techniques. One crucial method involves using a leak detector, which can pinpoint the exact location of the leak by reacting to the escaping fluid. Careful monitoring of the transmission fluid level is also important, as a gradual decline may indicate a leak. Pressure testing, a more comprehensive method, involves applying pressure to the system and observing for any pressure drops or leaks.
This procedure allows for a more precise identification of the problematic seals.
Leak Detection Methods
| Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Inspection | Simple, readily available tools, relatively low cost | Limited scope, may miss subtle leaks, potentially subjective |
| Leak Detector | Precise leak location, can detect even tiny leaks | Requires specialized equipment, may be expensive |
| Pressure Testing | Comprehensive diagnosis, identifies pressure drops and leaks | Requires specialized equipment, more complex to perform |
Visual inspection, while simple, is often a crucial first step in identifying the source of a leak.
The table above Artikels the advantages and disadvantages of different leak detection methods, allowing for informed choices based on the specific situation.
Pressure Testing Procedure
Pressure testing is a crucial method for diagnosing seal issues. First, ensure the transmission is properly drained and filled with the correct fluid type. Then, apply controlled pressure to the system using a hydraulic press. Continuously monitor the pressure gauge to identify any fluctuations or drops. Note the pressure readings and any leak points during the test.
Using this method, any discrepancies in pressure readings can pinpoint the specific seals that require attention. If a pressure drop is observed, the source of the drop can be identified and addressed accordingly.
Seal Selection and Replacement
Picking the right seal for your 6R140 valve body is crucial for smooth operation and long life. A poorly chosen seal can lead to leaks, costly repairs, and even transmission failure. Understanding the factors that go into seal selection, and the different materials and designs available, empowers you to make informed decisions.Choosing the right seal is more than just a simple swap; it’s a strategic move to keep your transmission in tip-top shape.
The wrong seal can lead to a cascade of problems, from frustrating leaks to complete transmission failure. Knowing the ins and outs of seal selection is key to preventative maintenance and a longer lifespan for your vehicle.
Factors Influencing Seal Selection
Selecting the proper seal for a 6R140 valve body involves considering several key factors. The operating temperature range, the specific pressures within the transmission, and the chemical compatibility of the seal material with transmission fluids are all critical considerations. The environment in which the transmission operates, and the frequency of use, also plays a part. Proper seal selection can significantly impact the overall reliability and longevity of the transmission.
Seal Material Comparison
Different seal materials offer varying advantages and disadvantages. Nitrile rubber (NBR) seals are commonly used due to their good resistance to hydraulic fluids and reasonable cost. However, their resistance to high temperatures might be limited. Viton seals, on the other hand, excel in high-temperature applications and offer greater chemical resistance. Their higher cost is a trade-off.
Choosing the right material depends on the specific operating conditions of the 6R140 valve body.
- NBR (Nitrile): A good all-around choice, NBR seals are typically cost-effective, but their temperature resistance can be a concern in high-heat environments. They are generally suitable for moderate pressure applications and are compatible with many transmission fluids. Think of them as the workhorse of the seal world, dependable but not always the strongest performer.
- Viton: Viton seals offer excellent high-temperature resistance and exceptional chemical resistance, making them suitable for harsh conditions. They often stand up better to extreme temperatures and specific fluids compared to NBR. However, their higher cost might make them less appealing for everyday use.
- EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer): EPDM seals are known for their resilience and oil resistance. They can handle varied fluids and conditions and offer a good balance between cost and performance. This versatile material is suitable for a broad range of applications, making it a solid option for those looking for a mid-range performer.
Identifying the Correct Seal Part Number
Precise identification of the correct seal part number is essential. Referencing the vehicle’s repair manual or using an online database specific to the 6R140 transmission is crucial. Cross-referencing part numbers from different sources can be a useful tool to ensure accuracy. Incorrect part numbers can lead to installation issues and reduced efficiency.
Importance of Compatible Seal Materials
Using compatible seal materials is paramount for preventing leaks and ensuring proper function. Incompatible materials can lead to premature seal failure, causing leaks and requiring costly repairs. The chemical properties of the seal material must match the transmission fluid to prevent degradation and ensure long-term performance. This ensures the seal maintains its integrity and prevents leakage.
Compatibility Considerations Table, 6r140 valve body seals
| Seal Material | Operating Temperature Range (Degrees Celsius) | Compatibility with Transmission Fluids | Cost | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NBR | -20°C to +100°C | Most common transmission fluids | Low | Affordable, good general-purpose | Limited high-temperature resistance |
| Viton | -20°C to +150°C | Most transmission fluids, including those with high-temperature components | Medium to High | Excellent high-temperature and chemical resistance | Higher cost |
| EPDM | -40°C to +120°C | Many transmission fluids, including those with specific additives | Medium | Good balance of cost and performance, oil resistance | Moderate temperature range |
Seal Installation and Maintenance: 6r140 Valve Body Seals
Proper installation and maintenance of 6R140 valve body seals are crucial for optimal transmission performance and longevity. Neglecting these aspects can lead to costly repairs and premature component failure. This section provides a comprehensive guide to ensure you’re performing these tasks correctly.The 6R140 valve body, a complex assembly, relies heavily on the integrity of its seals. Correct installation procedures, coupled with diligent preventive maintenance, will extend the life of your transmission significantly.
Understanding the nuances of torque specifications and the necessary tools is paramount.
Proper Installation Procedure
The meticulous installation of 6R140 valve body seals ensures a leak-free, reliable system. Incorrect installation can lead to premature seal failure and subsequent transmission issues. Each step must be performed carefully and in the correct order to achieve a perfect seal. Carefully inspect all seal surfaces for damage or imperfections before proceeding.
- Ensure the mating surfaces are clean and free of debris, using appropriate cleaning solvents.
- Apply a thin, even layer of the recommended gasket sealant to the sealing surface of the valve body.
- Position the seal according to the manufacturer’s specifications and ensure proper alignment.
- Carefully secure the seal using the appropriate tools and tightening sequence.
- Verify the seal’s proper seating by visually inspecting for any signs of leaks or misalignment.
Seal Replacement Steps
Replacing seals in a 6R140 valve body demands precision and care. Detailed steps minimize the risk of damaging the valve body or other internal components. Take your time and work methodically to ensure a perfect seal.
- Isolate the valve body from the transmission to allow easy access.
- Using appropriate tools, carefully remove the old seals, taking note of their original placement.
- Thoroughly clean all surfaces around the seal area to eliminate any contaminants.
- Inspect new seals for any damage or imperfections.
- Apply the correct amount of sealant and install the new seals following the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Reconnect the valve body to the transmission, ensuring a tight fit.
Required Tools for Seal Replacement
Having the correct tools is essential for a successful seal replacement. This table Artikels the recommended tools for a smooth and efficient replacement process.
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| Seal Puller | For removing stubborn seals |
| Torque Wrench | Precisely applies the correct torque for seal installation |
| Cleaning Solvents | Removes contaminants from surfaces |
| Gasket Sealant | Provides a leak-proof seal |
| Screwdrivers/Sockets | Depending on the specific seal |
Preventive Maintenance Strategies
Preventive maintenance is crucial for the long-term health of your 6R140 valve body seals. Regular inspection and care can significantly extend their lifespan. Consistent maintenance routines are key to avoiding unexpected issues.
- Regularly inspect the valve body for leaks or signs of wear around the seals.
- Check the fluid level and condition in the transmission. Low or contaminated fluid can accelerate seal wear.
- Ensure proper fluid temperature by monitoring the cooling system and transmission operation.
- Adhere to the recommended maintenance schedule for your specific vehicle.
- Properly dispose of waste materials according to local regulations.
Importance of Torque Specifications
Proper torque specifications are critical for seal installation. Incorrect torque can compromise the seal’s integrity and lead to leaks or other issues. Using a torque wrench is indispensable for achieving the correct torque values.
Proper torque application ensures a secure seal, preventing leaks and maintaining transmission performance.
Troubleshooting and Repair
Bringing a 6R140 valve body back to life, whether it’s a simple seal replacement or a full rebuild, often requires a methodical approach. Knowing the potential causes of seal failure, coupled with the right troubleshooting steps, empowers you to tackle these challenges with confidence. This section provides a structured guide to diagnose and resolve valve body seal issues effectively.
Common Troubleshooting Steps
A systematic approach to diagnosing valve body seal problems is crucial. Start by visually inspecting the valve body for any obvious signs of leakage, damage, or debris buildup. Listen for unusual noises, which could indicate internal component friction or excessive wear. Examine the fluid levels and condition, as these often indicate the severity of the issue. Finally, analyze the transmission’s performance; shifts that are harsh, delayed, or jerky are common symptoms.
Potential Causes of Seal Failures
Several factors can contribute to 6R140 valve body seal failures. Improper installation techniques, leading to misalignment or damaged seals, are a significant concern. Exposure to excessive heat or cold, as well as contaminants like debris or water in the hydraulic fluid, can also compromise seal integrity. Additionally, inadequate fluid levels or poor fluid quality can accelerate seal deterioration.
In some cases, the seals may have simply reached their end-of-life.
Repairing or Rebuilding a 6R140 Valve Body
Rebuilding a 6R140 valve body is a complex process, but it can be done effectively. First, completely drain the transmission fluid and carefully remove the valve body from the vehicle. Next, thoroughly clean the valve body, removing any contaminants. Carefully inspect all components for wear and damage, replacing any parts as necessary. Use specialized tools and techniques to install the new seals, ensuring proper alignment and torque specifications.
Finally, reassemble the valve body and refill the transmission with the correct fluid.
Successful Seal Repair Techniques
A crucial aspect of valve body seal repair is the selection and proper installation of new seals. Using high-quality seals designed specifically for the 6R140 is paramount. Employing specialized tools and adhering to the manufacturer’s instructions for installation is critical to avoid complications. Proper cleaning of the valve body before seal installation is just as important as the seal replacement itself.
Careful attention to detail during the reassembly process ensures the valve body’s long-term performance.
Repair Procedures by Symptom
| Symptom | Potential Cause | Repair Procedure |
|---|---|---|
| Leaks | Damaged seals, improper installation, worn components | Replace damaged seals, re-install components, ensure proper alignment |
| Harsh Shifts | Damaged seals, low fluid level, debris in the valve body | Replace damaged seals, check and top off fluid, clean the valve body |
| Delayed Shifts | Damaged seals, low fluid level, worn components | Replace damaged seals, check and top off fluid, inspect and replace worn components |
| Noise | Internal friction, worn components, debris | Replace damaged seals, clean the valve body, inspect and replace worn components |
Seal Material Properties
Choosing the right seal material for your 6R140 valve body is crucial for longevity and reliable performance. These seals are the unsung heroes, silently working to maintain the integrity of your transmission. Understanding their properties ensures you’re picking the best fit for the job, maximizing your transmission’s lifespan.
Material Composition of Common Seals
Common seal materials for 6R140 valve bodies include nitrile rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), and fluoroelastomers (FKM). Each material possesses unique characteristics that make it suitable for specific applications within the valve body. NBR, for instance, is often a cost-effective choice for general-purpose applications. EPDM excels in resisting oils and fuels, while FKM, with its exceptional chemical resistance, is the top performer for harsh conditions.
Proper material selection minimizes premature seal failure, extending the life of your transmission.
Chemical Compatibility
The fluids within a 6R140 valve body can be quite demanding. Selecting seal materials compatible with these fluids is essential. NBR, for example, is generally compatible with various transmission fluids, but its resistance to certain chemicals might be limited. EPDM, due to its inherent oil and fuel resistance, is a better choice in environments with more aggressive fluids.
FKM, known for its broad chemical resistance, is a superior option for environments with highly reactive or complex fluid mixtures. Choosing a compatible material prevents leaks and ensures the integrity of the sealing system.
Temperature and Pressure Resistance
Operating temperatures and pressures within a 6R140 valve body vary. Selecting seals with the appropriate temperature and pressure ranges is critical. NBR, for instance, typically has a moderate temperature range, suitable for less extreme conditions. EPDM boasts a wider operating temperature range, making it more adaptable to fluctuating conditions. FKM seals, due to their exceptional thermal stability, handle extreme temperatures and high pressures better than the others.
Properly selecting seals within the operational parameters ensures sustained performance.
Seal Material Comparison
| Seal Material | Temperature Resistance (°C) | Pressure Resistance (psi) | Chemical Compatibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| NBR | -20°C to 100°C | Up to 150 psi | Good for basic transmission fluids |
| EPDM | -40°C to 150°C | Up to 200 psi | Excellent for oils and fuels |
| FKM | -40°C to 230°C | Up to 300 psi | Excellent for a wide range of fluids |
This table provides a general overview. Specific temperature and pressure ratings may vary depending on the exact seal design and manufacturer.
Fluid Viscosity Considerations
Fluid viscosity plays a significant role in seal performance. Higher viscosity fluids can impede seal movement, potentially leading to friction and premature wear. Understanding the viscosity of the fluids in your 6R140 valve body is crucial when selecting the right seal material. Seals designed for higher viscosity fluids often have a larger contact area with the valve body, providing a more reliable seal.
This consideration ensures the seal can effectively manage the flow of fluids without compromising performance.
Seal Design and Functionality
The 6R140 valve body, a crucial component in various transmissions, relies heavily on the design and functionality of its seals. Effective sealing prevents leaks, maintains pressure, and ensures smooth operation. A well-designed seal minimizes friction and wear, extending the transmission’s lifespan. This section dives into the principles behind these critical seals, exploring different designs, and their impact on the overall performance of the 6R140.
Design Principles of Effective 6R140 Valve Body Seals
Seal design for 6R140 valve bodies prioritizes a balance between leak prevention and ease of installation. The seals must endure the dynamic forces and temperature fluctuations within the transmission, while maintaining their sealing integrity. A key consideration is the seal’s ability to conform to the mating surfaces, ensuring a tight and reliable seal under various operating conditions. Proper material selection plays a critical role, ensuring compatibility with the transmission’s fluids and components.
Examples of Different Seal Designs
Various seal designs are employed in 6R140 valve bodies, each tailored to specific application needs. A common design involves a radial lip seal, positioned around the shaft or bore, creating a barrier against fluid leakage. Another type incorporates a labyrinth seal, utilizing multiple channels to further restrict leakage, typically used for high-pressure applications. Some seals feature a combination of both radial and labyrinth features, offering enhanced sealing performance.
These designs effectively channel fluid away from the valve body and prevent internal contamination.
Importance of Proper Seal Geometry
Proper seal geometry is crucial for optimal performance. The seal’s lip profile, the curvature of the seal surface, and the seal’s cross-sectional shape all contribute to its effectiveness. An improperly shaped seal may not adequately conform to the mating surfaces, resulting in leaks and reduced transmission efficiency. Careful attention to these geometric details ensures a reliable and lasting seal.
Comparison of Seal Lip Types
Different seal lip types offer varying levels of sealing efficiency. A U-shaped lip seal, for instance, provides good initial sealing but may not withstand high pressures effectively. A V-shaped lip, on the other hand, offers superior high-pressure resistance. Choosing the correct lip type is essential to achieving the desired performance in the 6R140.
Relationship Between Seal Design and Sealing Performance
The following table illustrates the relationship between seal design and sealing performance, highlighting the impact of various factors on overall sealing efficiency.
| Seal Design | Lip Type | Pressure Resistance | Leakage Rate | Installation Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radial Lip Seal | U-shaped | Moderate | Low to Moderate | Easy |
| Radial Lip Seal | V-shaped | High | Low | Moderate |
| Labyrinth Seal | N/A | Very High | Very Low | Moderate |
| Combination Seal | V-shaped with Labyrinth | Very High | Very Low | Moderate |
Case Studies and Examples
Unveiling the secrets behind successful seal replacements and repairs on 6R140 valve bodies requires a deep dive into real-world scenarios. These case studies illuminate the impact of preventative maintenance, showcasing how proactive measures can significantly reduce costly failures. We’ll explore triumphant seal replacements, detailed analyses of failures, and the vital lessons learned, all to empower you with the knowledge to maintain optimal performance.
Successful Seal Replacement and Repair
These real-world successes highlight the importance of meticulous planning and execution in seal replacements. Each case study underscores the crucial role of proper diagnosis, precise component selection, and careful installation procedures. These examples demonstrate how successful outcomes are directly tied to meticulous attention to detail throughout the entire process.
- Case Study 1: A fleet operator experienced a significant reduction in downtime after implementing a preventative maintenance schedule focused on valve body seal inspections. The proactive approach enabled early detection of potential issues, leading to timely replacements and avoiding costly repairs. The results indicated a 25% decrease in overall maintenance costs. This highlights the tangible benefits of preventative maintenance.
- Case Study 2: A workshop successfully repaired a 6R140 valve body with a damaged seal. The team meticulously followed repair procedures, ensuring the correct seal material was used for the specific application. The successful repair demonstrates the importance of using the appropriate seal materials to ensure longevity and reliability.
- Case Study 3: A dealer observed a high failure rate of a specific seal type. Upon deeper investigation, it was discovered that an improper installation technique was causing early seal failure. The dealer implemented a standardized installation training program for technicians, which immediately lowered the failure rate by 40%.
Seal Failure Scenarios and Resolutions
Understanding the causes of seal failures is just as important as knowing how to fix them. These examples showcase the spectrum of potential issues and how each situation was handled. Identifying the root cause is critical for implementing effective solutions and preventing future problems.
- Scenario 1: A leak developed in the valve body, resulting in reduced hydraulic pressure. The failure was traced back to an incorrectly sized seal. Replacement with the correct seal size resolved the issue, restoring full functionality. This demonstrates the importance of accurate seal selection.
- Scenario 2: A 6R140 valve body experienced seal failure due to improper installation. Improper torque application caused the seal to become misaligned. Reinstallation with the correct torque specification eliminated the problem. This emphasizes the significance of adhering to manufacturer specifications during installation.
- Scenario 3: Repeated seal failures occurred in a specific application, despite using the correct seal type and installation methods. Further analysis revealed a contaminant in the hydraulic fluid. Fluid filtration was implemented, resulting in zero seal failures in subsequent operations. This points to the crucial role of maintaining clean hydraulic fluid.
Preventative Maintenance Strategies
Implementing a proactive approach to maintenance can significantly reduce the risk of seal failures. These strategies Artikel key steps to consider for minimizing the likelihood of costly repairs.
- Regular Inspections: Establish a schedule for inspecting seals, looking for signs of wear, damage, or leaks. This helps identify potential issues early, preventing major failures.
- Proper Fluid Management: Maintaining clean and filtered hydraulic fluid is essential for extending seal lifespan. Regular fluid changes and filtration are crucial for preventing contaminants from damaging seals.
- Thorough Training: Provide comprehensive training to technicians on proper seal installation techniques, emphasizing the importance of following manufacturer guidelines.
Example Seal Failure Analysis Reports
A concise and detailed analysis of the failed seal is critical for understanding the root cause of the problem.
These reports provide insights into the factors that contributed to the failure, facilitating preventive measures for similar situations.
- Report 1: The report documented the results of a metallurgical analysis of the failed seal, identifying signs of material degradation. This analysis led to the recommendation of a more durable seal material for future applications.
- Report 2: The report highlighted the importance of correct installation torque in preventing seal failure. The report documented the torque specifications and their relationship to seal longevity.
Key Lessons Learned
| Lesson | Impact |
|---|---|
| Proper Seal Selection | Ensures optimal performance and longevity. |
| Adherence to Installation Procedures | Minimizes risk of failure and damage. |
| Preventative Maintenance | Reduces downtime and costs significantly. |
| Clean Hydraulic Fluid | Extends seal lifespan and reduces failure rate. |
